Tuberculosis is an infectious disease that could potentially be serious if not addressed at the right time. It is usually caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria that mainly affect the lungs and also other parts of the body. The bacteria that causes tuberculosis (TB), spread through the air when people who have active tuberculosis in their lungs cough, spit, speak or sneeze or even laugh and sing. Most of these infections do not have symptoms, in which case it is known as latent TB, the progression from latent to active TB will be around 10% and if left untreated it could be life threatening to at least half of the affected ones. Tuberculosis was once a rare infection in the developed countries until the emergence of HIV in 1985 after which it saw an increase. Thanks to the strong control program in the country, tuberculosis began to decrease again in 1993, however, it still remains a concern with one-quarter of the world population which is thought to be infected and with an increase of 1% every year. People actively infected must take several types of medications for long durations to eradicate the infection and prevent the development of antibiotic resistance. People with active tuberculosis can have symptoms like chronic cough with blood containing sputum that lasts for three weeks or more, loss of appetite, weakness or fatigue, fever, night sweats, and weight loss.

Society more often than not equates libido to manliness even though this is not the case. Due to its perception and the belief that having problems with it will make one less of a man, most males do not like to accept libidinal issues. Testosterone is the primary hormone that governs libido in men. Physical, social and psychological factors adversely affecting it causes an individual to have low libido. Medication for chronic diseases like diabetes, HIV/AIDS, asthma, cancer and osteoporosis have some side effects on the body. One such negative effect could be on the sexual desire of the person undergoing a drastic change and being lower than usual. Erectile dysfunction (ED) is another cause of low libido in men. Men having ED issues are constantly under the fear that it will repeat during sexual intercourse, leading to performance issues. Hormone imbalance is the primary cause of low libido. Injury, inflammation, or tumors in the testicles will affect testosterone levels. This has a direct bearing on the male libido. Cirrhosis of the liver affects the capacity of the organ to break down estrogen, resulting in an increase in estrogen levels. High estrogen level lowers the libido. Pituitary diseases cause hormone imbalance by reducing testosterone in the body affecting the sexual desire.

Hemorrhoids, commonly called piles, are swollen veins in and around the anus and lower rectum. The rectum is the lowest part of the large intestine, terminating at the anus. In their normal state, the vascular structures are like cushions which help with stool control but become a problem when they are swollen or inflamed. The swelling can be from the size of a small pea pod or can be as large as a grape. Hemorrhoids may be internal(located inside the rectum) or external (protrude outside the anus). External hemorrhoids usually require no particular treatment unless it becomes thrombosed or causes patients discomfort. Minor internal hemorrhoids can be treated with medication and non-operative measures. Surgery is required only for high-grade internal hemorrhoids or when other non-operative treatments are not effective. Problematic Hemorrhoids are very common among adults between the age of 45 and 65 and affects at least 50 percent of adults before the age of 50. This is because the tissues supporting the veins in the rectum and anus can weaken with age and stretch. Women are more likely to develop the condition during pregnancy. The swelling usually goes away after childbirth. The common causes of hemorrhoids are Chronic Constipation and straining during bowel movements Sitting for long periods of time in the toilet Low-fiber diet Obesity Pregnancy All of the above symptoms cause strain and cause a sudden rise in blood pressure in the hemorrhoid cushion.

Let’s first try to understand what gallstones are. Unlike what many people think and believe it to be, they are not really stones, but gallstones are actually stone-like hardened deposits or objects of the digestive fluid which form in the gallbladder. Gallstones may range in their size and also on how many a person may develop; they can range from as large as a golf ball to as tiny as a grain of sand. Some people may develop just one gallstone while others may develop many. Depending on the severity and symptoms, people may or may not need treatment for gallstones. Treatment options can vary from taking medication to dissolve the gallstones or surgery to remove the gallbladder itself. The gallbladder is an organ that is small in shape, resembling a pear. Anatomically it is located on the right side of the abdomen under the liver. The primary function of the gallbladder is to hold, store and release the digestive fluid called bile, which is produced by the liver into the intestine for digestion purposes. Bile helps in the digestion of fats present in the food we eat, particularly fatty foods. As a result, bile is made up of many substances, which include cholesterol and bilirubin.

Diagnosing melanoma involves a skin examination after understanding the medical history of the patient. All melanoma risk factors are considered to enable accurate diagnosis, given the fact that some types of melanoma are difficult to diagnose. A skin examination by a physician may identify the visible lumps, nodules or abnormal areas on the skin. The doctor will note the size, shape, color, and texture of and changes to the suspected areas. Symptoms peculiar to the mucosal melanoma will prompt the doctor to look at susceptible sites for lesions, discolored patches, and lesions. The lymph nodes will be examined for enlargement, which is a sure sign of spreading cancer. Dermatologists may use dermatoscopy, which involves the examination of the skin using a dermatoscope. After identifying such areas, the normal course is to take samples for biopsies. There are typically four types of biopsies used: shave, punch, incisional, and excisional. A shave biopsy takes a small layer from the top of the skin. A punch biopsy uses a tool to make a hole in the melanoma and take out a portion as a sample. An incisional biopsy cuts out a portion of the melanoma while an excisional biopsy cuts out the entire melanoma along with a margin of healthy tissue to ensure that the entire melanoma has been removed.